Comment s’attaquer à l’insécurité foncière ?
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Dans l’article Conflits fonciers en Haïti : de mal en pis ! (1) publié hier, j’ai tenté de montrer pourquoi l’insécurité foncière, loin d’être un phénomène récent, continue de s’aggraver. Dans ce nouveau texte, j’entends analyser les causes juridico-sociales qui nourrissent la persistance de ce mal et proposer des réponses susceptibles d’en amorcer la résolution, au moins sur le terrain juridique.
En Haïti, depuis plus de deux siècles, les relations entre les acteurs fonciers — notamment entre paysans et citadins — sont marquées par des conflits récurrents, qui se traduisent souvent par des contentieux portés devant les tribunaux civils ou d’exception.
Ces procès mettent en scène des parties adverses, des avocats et des juges dans un système judiciaire inspiré du modèle occidental. Leur origine plonge fréquemment dans l’histoire tourmentée du pays et affecte durement les populations analphabètes, insuffisamment informées des implications juridiques des litiges fonciers. Celles-ci deviennent ainsi les principales victimes d’un droit qui leur échappe, aggravé par une importante barrière linguistique : la législation est rédigée et enseignée en français, tandis que la majorité de la population rurale ne parle que le créole. Ce décalage explique en partie la confiance accordée au droit coutumier, essentiellement oral.
En théorie, ces litiges sont encadrés par la Constitution, par les lois et par la réglementation foncière. En pratique, toutefois, ce cadre juridique se heurte en permanence aux pratiques coutumières héritées des ancêtres. L’article 36 de la Constitution de 1987 définit clairement les droits en matière foncière, mais, faute de structures adaptées, il demeure souvent lettre morte.
Dans les faits, les mécanismes juridiques, fortement marqués par la culture du droit positif, se retournent souvent contre les plus vulnérables. Les paysans dépossédés en sont les principales victimes, à tort ou à raison, en raison des défaillances des institutions censées garantir la sécurité foncière. En ne remplissant pas leur rôle, ces institutions deviennent elles-mêmes productrices d’insécurité.
Paradoxalement, certaines dispositions constitutionnelles adoptées pour réparer les injustices du passé ont contribué à multiplier les litiges, faute de lois d’application claires. Les articles transitoires 293 et 293-1 de la Constitution de 1987, censés rendre justice aux propriétaires dépossédés par l’État pour des motifs politiques ou juridiques, ont au contraire aggravé les conflits fonciers.
Après le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier en 1986, les forces armées, chargées de la transition, ont pris une série de décrets visant à corriger les spoliations passées. Mais, rédigés dans la précipitation, ces textes manquaient de rigueur juridique.
L’article 293 dispose : « Tous les décrets d’expropriation de biens immobiliers dans les zones urbaines et rurales de la République, pris par les deux (2) derniers gouvernements haïtiens au profit de l’État ou de sociétés en formation, sont annulés si le but pour lequel ils ont été émis n’a pas été exécuté au cours des dix (10) dernières années. »
L’article 293-1 prévoit quant à lui : « Tout individu victime de confiscation ou de dépossession arbitraire pour raison politique, durant la période du 22 octobre 1957 au 7 février 1986, peut récupérer ses biens devant le tribunal compétent. Dans ce cas, la procédure est accélérée comme pour les affaires urgentes, et la décision n’est susceptible que du pourvoi en cassation. »
Bien qu’animées d’une intention réparatrice, ces dispositions ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles injustices. Elles ont opposé les anciens propriétaires spoliés sous la dictature aux acquéreurs ultérieurs ayant acheté légalement des biens que l’État avait intégrés à son patrimoine avant de les revendre.
Or, aucune loi d’application claire n’est venue encadrer la récupération de ces biens ni arbitrer entre les différents acteurs concernés : anciens propriétaires, bénéficiaires des ventes effectuées par l’État et nouveaux acquéreurs. Ainsi, l’État, qui aurait dû garantir la sécurité foncière, a échoué à définir un cadre équitable de réconciliation.
Les tribunaux civils, privés de base juridique solide, se sont révélés incapables de statuer efficacement. Le champ d’application de ces articles est demeuré flou, influencé davantage par des considérations politiques que par une véritable logique juridique. Leur caractère transitoire en a fait une véritable boîte de Pandore : au lieu de clore les litiges, ils risquent de perpétuer les injustices foncières pendant plusieurs générations.
Or, sur une question aussi sensible que celle de la propriété, des dispositions provisoires, rédigées dans l’urgence et sous le coup de l’émotion, ne devraient jamais tenir lieu de politique foncière durable. Réveiller les vieux démons sans proposer de solutions concrètes revient à aggraver le problème.
Pourtant, les articles relatifs au foncier touchent au cœur même de la Constitution : ils en expriment à la fois l’esprit et la lettre. Dès lors, pourquoi n’ont-ils pas été accompagnés, dès leur adoption, d’un suivi institutionnel et juridique rigoureux, garantissant leur mise en œuvre effective et équitable ?
De nouvelles lois sont nécessaires
Pour enrayer cette spirale, il est urgent d’adopter de nouvelles lois, de restaurer la confiance dans la justice et de reconnaître la dépossession illégale comme un crime majeur. Tant que ces actes ne seront pas qualifiés à la hauteur des préjudices qu’ils causent, l’impunité continuera d’alimenter l’insécurité foncière et d’affaiblir la cohésion sociale.
Dans le cadre d’éventuels programmes de relogement, il est également indispensable que les autorités prennent en compte les menaces multiformes liées aux gangs. Enracinés dans différentes couches sociales et bénéficiant parfois d’appuis nationaux et internationaux, ces groupes représentent un défi colossal pour la protection et la restitution des droits fonciers.
Dans un État de droit — ou même dans un régime autoritaire —, la justice ne peut rester inaccessible à cause de procédures vagues, obsolètes ou volontairement complexes. Des lois claires, applicables et adaptées sont indispensables pour prévenir et résoudre les litiges fonciers. Car, dans bien des cas, ces conflits trouvent leur origine dans l’irresponsabilité de l’État qui, au lieu d’apaiser les tensions, a lui-même alimenté les spoliations, souvent pour des raisons politiques.
Cette situation pourrait néanmoins constituer une opportunité : celle, pour l’État, de réaffirmer son monopole de la violence légitime et de rassurer les propriétaires quant à la protection de leurs biens. La sécurité foncière n’est pas une question secondaire ; elle conditionne la stabilité sociale et relève pleinement de la responsabilité publique.
Le phénomène généralisé de dépossession illégale — qui touche en premier lieu les véritables propriétaires haïtiens — doit donc être combattu en profondeur. Il ne s’agit plus seulement d’un problème civil ou administratif, mais d’une atteinte grave à l’ordre social. L’adoption d’une loi ferme qualifiant explicitement ces actes comme des infractions criminelles constitue une nécessité. C’est à ce prix que la justice pourra enfin reconnaître l’ampleur des abus, réparer les victimes et restaurer la confiance dans l’État.
En définitive, qui doit faire appliquer la loi, sinon l’État lui-même, puisque telle est précisément sa mission ?
Dr. Emmanuel Charles
Juriste et spécialiste des questions foncières
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Frank Mills
Hello everyone I’m here to share how a traditional herbalist called Ede cured me from genital herpes virus with his ancient herbal medicine’ I will forever be grateful to him for curing me from such virus when I thought it was all over’ today I’m happy with my life after lab tests confirm severally that the virus I had for years is gone, I never in my life believed that herpes virus can be cured until now. you can also try him out’ it can as well work for you so reach him today via his email: medicalmediumherbal@gmail.com or WhatsApp:+2347035623817
Frank Mills
Hello everyone I’m here to share how a traditional herbalist called Ede cured me from genital herpes virus with his ancient herbal medicine’ I will forever be grateful to him for curing me from such virus when I thought it was all over’ today I’m happy with my life after lab tests confirm severally that the virus I had for years is gone, I never in my life believed that herpes virus can be cured until now. you can also try him out’ it can as well work for you so reach him today via his email: medicalmediumherbal@gmail.com or WhatsApp:+2347035623817
Destiny Hudson
Dear friends online My name is Destiny Hudson And I live in the USA, Dominica I am here today to appreciate the good work of Dr Oyagu, for helping me curing my HSV 1&2 Disease, I contacted the virus from my Partner, I found out he was cheating on me, so I broke up with him, 2 month later I went to test myself in the hospital when I was seeing sore on my mouth and Private areas, I was diagnosed of HSV 1&2. I tried using the acyclovir medicine but it didn't help in curing it, I went on a search and found out Dr Oyagu curing people illness, and so I got his email and I was told how I can get his herbal cure, 3 days later I received his medicine after using it for 2 weeks I was tested again and was confirm negative, today I am totally free. If you are over there looking for solution email: oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or contact him on WhatsApp +2348101755322 today and share your own testimony. And He also has herbal cure for the Following DISEASES, eczema, urethra wart, chronic problems. Herpes, Cancer, Als, Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV ,Infections, ulcer ETC
Destiny Hudson
Dear friends online My name is Destiny Hudson And I live in the USA, Dominica I am here today to appreciate the good work of Dr Oyagu, for helping me curing my HSV 1&2 Disease, I contacted the virus from my Partner, I found out he was cheating on me, so I broke up with him, 2 month later I went to test myself in the hospital when I was seeing sore on my mouth and Private areas, I was diagnosed of HSV 1&2. I tried using the acyclovir medicine but it didn't help in curing it, I went on a search and found out Dr Oyagu curing people illness, and so I got his email and I was told how I can get his herbal cure, 3 days later I received his medicine after using it for 2 weeks I was tested again and was confirm negative, today I am totally free. If you are over there looking for solution email: oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or contact him on WhatsApp +2348101755322 today and share your own testimony. And He also has herbal cure for the Following DISEASES, eczema, urethra wart, chronic problems. Herpes, Cancer, Als, Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV ,Infections, ulcer ETC
Destiny Hudson
Dear friends online My name is Destiny Hudson And I live in the USA, Dominica I am here today to appreciate the good work of Dr Oyagu, for helping me curing my HSV 1&2 Disease, I contacted the virus from my Partner, I found out he was cheating on me, so I broke up with him, 2 month later I went to test myself in the hospital when I was seeing sore on my mouth and Private areas, I was diagnosed of HSV 1&2. I tried using the acyclovir medicine but it didn't help in curing it, I went on a search and found out Dr Oyagu curing people illness, and so I got his email and I was told how I can get his herbal cure, 3 days later I received his medicine after using it for 2 weeks I was tested again and was confirm negative, today I am totally free. If you are over there looking for solution email: oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or contact him on WhatsApp +2348101755322 today and share your own testimony. And He also has herbal cure for the Following DISEASES, eczema, urethra wart, chronic problems. Herpes, Cancer, Als, Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV ,Infections, ulcer ETC
Destiny Hudson
Dear friends online My name is Destiny Hudson And I live in the USA, Dominica I am here today to appreciate the good work of Dr Oyagu, for helping me curing my HSV 1&2 Disease, I contacted the virus from my Partner, I found out he was cheating on me, so I broke up with him, 2 month later I went to test myself in the hospital when I was seeing sore on my mouth and Private areas, I was diagnosed of HSV 1&2. I tried using the acyclovir medicine but it didn't help in curing it, I went on a search and found out Dr Oyagu curing people illness, and so I got his email and I was told how I can get his herbal cure, 3 days later I received his medicine after using it for 2 weeks I was tested again and was confirm negative, today I am totally free. If you are over there looking for solution email: oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or contact him on WhatsApp +2348101755322 today and share your own testimony. And He also has herbal cure for the Following DISEASES, eczema, urethra wart, chronic problems. Herpes, Cancer, Als, Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV ,Infections, ulcer ETC
anna cassidy
I was told there is No Herpes Cure except treatment to control it. I totally lost hope all i could think was loosing my life because it was so embarrassing to have this virus. A few weeks ago I read about a possible natural cure which was 100 percent guaranteed. And I ordered the treatment from Dr Uma. And I also told him about my sister's cancer, After some weeks we got 100% cured. Now I'm so excited to share this testimony to every article for others living with HERPES, CANCER, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, HPV,HIV, etc. there is possible natural treatment to eliminate this virus. Email him for more info! Dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or message him on WhatsApp +2347035619585.
anna cassidy
I was told there is No Herpes Cure except treatment to control it. I totally lost hope all i could think was loosing my life because it was so embarrassing to have this virus. A few weeks ago I read about a possible natural cure which was 100 percent guaranteed. And I ordered the treatment from Dr Uma. And I also told him about my sister's cancer, After some weeks we got 100% cured. Now I'm so excited to share this testimony to every article for others living with HERPES, CANCER, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, HPV,HIV, etc. there is possible natural treatment to eliminate this virus. Email him for more info! Dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or message him on WhatsApp +2347035619585.
Clara Milton
I want everyone to know that finally there's a cure for herpes virus because I have tested negative twice since I finished drinking a herbal medicine that I ordered from a herbalist called Dr. Ede through his Email: (medicalmediumherbal@gmail.com) I used to believe there's no cure for the virus because that's what they all say until I tried a herbal medicine and now I’m totally cured so I would advise anyone with herpes virus to quickly visit his website and order for the herbal cure as well' I contacted him through his website then we talked and I provided my address as he requested then I received the medication in less than a week. He is a real traditional herbal medicine doctor so get to know about him on his WhatsApp:+2347035623817
Nathalie
Hello everyone my name is Nathalie from Canada, sharing this testimony is my greatest happiness also to let every patient know there is cure to get rid of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS. I was once a HSV patient for a very long time. I have been taking medications because my doctor in Canada told me there is no cure except pills to control it which I have been taking. Until I found a faithful and truthful herbalist who finally cured me with his herbal remedy. Everything about the virus was gone, my genital warts I have been trying to remove, they all cleared off. Here is the herbalist information to reach him via medicalmediumherbal@gmail.com or WhatsApp:+2347035623817 Dr. Ede is great and very kind to every patient.
anna cassidy
I was told there is No Herpes Cure except treatment to control it. I totally lost hope all i could think was loosing my life because it was so embarrassing to have this virus. A few weeks ago I read about a possible natural cure which was 100 percent guaranteed. And I ordered the treatment from Dr Uma. And I also told him about my sister's cancer, After some weeks we got 100% cured. Now I'm so excited to share this testimony to every article for others living with HERPES, CANCER, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, HPV,HIV, etc. there is possible natural treatment to eliminate this virus. Email him for more info! Dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or message him on WhatsApp +2347035619585.
NELS KATE
I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or whatsapp +2347035619585.
vixtrfiew
A LITTLE ACT OF KINDNESS CAN MAKE YOU REMEMBERED FOR A LONG TIME. GOD BLESS THE GREAT MIND BEHIND CREATING THIS READING PLATFORM. My problem with herpes has caused me many traumas, especially in my sexual life. I was so afraid of infecting my Boyfriend, I suffered the embarrassment of visiting dermatologists queries hundreds of times. Unfortunately, they did not find a definitive solution to my problem. The solution came from the least expected place. By reading in a forum on the subject, mentioning a method for eliminating herpes. Many people had tried, with excellent and quick results. I had nothing to lose so I decided to use this method to eliminate my herpes. I spent 15 days using this method and my herpes completely disappeared. I recommend this method to all those infected with herpes virus, who want to eliminate the herpes from their body forever. Contact Doctor Amos via his Email : odiagbebello@gmail.com , I recommend his herbal herpes healing method. you can visit his WhatsApp +2349064159687 or Email odiagbebello@gmail.com Thanks for reading. and God bless you🙏
magriet dennis
Get rid of all kinds of Herpes and virus infections, Diabetes, Hepatitis A B C, Menopause and HIV with Natural Roots and Herbs, i was once infected with HERPES and after using Dr UMA Herbal Medicine for couple of weeks i couldn't trace it anymore, i even went for checkup and my test came out Negative. Get your cure today from this wonderful herbalist, Dr. UMA. You can also reach doctor UMA on WhatsApp +2347035619585 or Email dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com.
SUSAN JOEL
Herpes is a serious and recurring disease which can't be cured through drugs or injections by the American doctors but the best way to deal with herpes is by taking natural herbal medicine for it, and is only few American doctors that know about this herbal medicine, from Dr Uma.. I have read about Dr Uma the great herbalist doctor from African who can cure Herpes with his herbal medicine. for the people suffering from the following diseases Hiv, Herpes, Cancer, Herpatitis B, Diabetes, Hpv, Infections ETC should contact him for his herbal medicine because i am a living testimony and i was cured of HERPES. Although, i sent him what he requested and he sent me his medicine which i took for three weeks and when i went for test i was tested Herpes Negative. you can reach him through his email address:Dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2347035619585 Thanks Dr Uma.
magriet dennis
Get rid of all kinds of Herpes and virus infections, Diabetes, Hepatitis A B C, Menopause and HIV with Natural Roots and Herbs, i was once infected with HERPES and after using Dr UMA Herbal Medicine for couple of weeks i couldn't trace it anymore, i even went for checkup and my test came out Negative. Get your cure today from this wonderful herbalist, Dr. UMA. You can also reach doctor UMA on WhatsApp +2347035619585 or Email dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com.
SUSAN JOEL
Herpes is a serious and recurring disease which can't be cured through drugs or injections by the American doctors but the best way to deal with herpes is by taking natural herbal medicine for it, and is only few American doctors that know about this herbal medicine, from Dr Uma.. I have read about Dr Uma the great herbalist doctor from African who can cure Herpes with his herbal medicine. for the people suffering from the following diseases Hiv, Herpes, Cancer, Herpatitis B, Diabetes, Hpv, Infections ETC should contact him for his herbal medicine because i am a living testimony and i was cured of HERPES. Although, i sent him what he requested and he sent me his medicine which i took for three weeks and when i went for test i was tested Herpes Negative. you can reach him through his email address:Dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2347035619585 Thanks Dr Uma.
Amanda Bella
Good luck to anyone reading this true life story of mine, I Was Diagnosed With type 2 Herpes Virus Last year, And I Was Looking For Solution To Be Cured Luckily I Saw Testimonies On How Dr OYAGU Cure Herpes Virus I Decided To Contact Dr OYAGU I Contacted Him He Prepared A Herbal Medicine Portion And Sent It To Me, I Started The Herbal Medicine For My Health. He Gave Me Step By Step Instructions On How To Apply It, When I Applied It As Instructed, I Was Cured Of This Deadly Herpes Within 2 weeks, I Am Now Herpes Negative. My Brother And Sister I No That There Are So Many People That Have The Same Herpes Virus Please contact Dr OYAGU To Help You Too, And Help Me To Thank Dr OYAGU For Cure Me, I’m Cured By Dr. OYAGU Herbal Medicine, His Contact Email:[email protected] or visit his website https://oyaguspellcaster.wixsite.com/oyaguherbalhome Or Cell WhatsApp Number +2348101755322 thank you
Amanda Bella
Good luck to anyone reading this true life story of mine, I Was Diagnosed With type 2 Herpes Virus Last year, And I Was Looking For Solution To Be Cured Luckily I Saw Testimonies On How Dr OYAGU Cure Herpes Virus I Decided To Contact Dr OYAGU I Contacted Him He Prepared A Herbal Medicine Portion And Sent It To Me, I Started The Herbal Medicine For My Health. He Gave Me Step By Step Instructions On How To Apply It, When I Applied It As Instructed, I Was Cured Of This Deadly Herpes Within 2 weeks, I Am Now Herpes Negative. My Brother And Sister I No That There Are So Many People That Have The Same Herpes Virus Please contact Dr OYAGU To Help You Too, And Help Me To Thank Dr OYAGU For Cure Me, I’m Cured By Dr. OYAGU Herbal Medicine, His Contact Email:[email protected] or visit his website https://oyaguspellcaster.wixsite.com/oyaguherbalhome Or Cell WhatsApp Number +2348101755322 thank you